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It is understood that a revision of this last in the light of the current discussion may be expected in a year or two. None of these reports have official authority but stand simply as the recommendations of the individuals making up the committee. This latest document differs so much from the 1916 report and makes so many recommendations that are considered radical by conservative designers that its rules should not be followed as a whole, at present, without due study.

Portions of the 1916 and 1924 reports are reprinted in this text and in its appendix, and some consideration is given to certain of the questions raised by their varying requirements. Whenever the Joint Committee is mentioned in the pages that follow, reference is to the present committee and its current (1924) report, unless otherwise stated. Concrete is artificial stone made by cementing together into a solid mass a mixture of inert material such as sand and broken stone, gravel or other aggregate. The cementing material almost universally used for reinforced concrete work is Portland cement, the only exception of note being the alumina cements recently put on the market. Both these cements are extremely fine powders, made from definite but differing proportions of argillaceous and calcareous materials, The American 'Society of Civil Engineers, American Society for Testing Materials, American Railway Engineering Association, American Concrete Institute and the Portland Cement Association. �Reinforced concrete, which when wet with the proper amount of water, become chemically active and hardens. Concrete is easily given any desired shape by pouring the wet mixture of materials into suitable forms where the mass hardens. When the various ingredients are properly proportioned and mixed together the resulting product is hard, durable, strong in compression and shear, very weak in tension, brittle, and, when not reinforced, adapted for use only in relatively massive members subject to compression. In combination with steel rods properly placed to resist the tensile stresses, concrete may be used for all types of structural members. This reinforcement is made possible by the adhesion of the concrete to the steel which prevents slipping between the two materials, and forces the member to act as a unit as it deforms under load. Experience has shown that, generally speaking, steel embedded sufficiently, in concrete is fully protected against corrosion and against fire. The required depth of protective concrete covering varies with the shape of the piece, the aggregate and the intensity of the exposure. There are in existence today examples of concrete construction dating back to Roman times and even earlier. The cement used by these early builders was not true cement but a mixture of hydrated lime and volcanic ash, a product known today as slag or Puzzolan cement. The first true hydraulic cementing material, that is, one that hardens under water, was made about 1756 by the English engineer, John Smeaton, as a result of his searches for a proper binding material for building the third Eddystone Lighthouse. This product is known today as hydraulic lime. Another Englishman, James Parker, in 1796, made the first natural cement by calcimine and grinding an argillaceous limestone. In 1824 Joseph Aspdin of Leeds patented Portland cement, a much superior product, though crude judged by the more refined products of today. The name Portland was chosen on account of the resemblance of the hardened cement to the building stone quarried on the Isle of Portland. The industry did not begin to develop actively either in England or on the continent until about the middle of the last century. In the United States natural cement was first made in 1818 by Canvas White and Portland cement in 1872 by David 0. Saylor.