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North Billerica is a village of Billerica Massachusetts.
Pinehurst is also a small village of Billerica MA.

The manufacture of Portland cement lagged behind that of its lower priced rival until the modern method of manufacture (burning the cement clinker in rotary kilns) was introduced in 1892. Quickly the production of Portland cement mounted until now it ranks as one of the ten leading industries, an increase that tells eloquently of the increase in reinforced concrete construction. In 1908, Bied in France and Spacknian in the United States took out patents covering that so far surpasses Portland cement in several important respects that its advent may mark an advance comparable to that made by the introduction of Portland cement. The of the new product took place however in France where it has been manufactured in increasingly large quantities since the war. Since 1924 it has been made in this country by a single company. The beginnings of reinforced concrete go back to 1850 when the Frenchman, Lambot, constructed a small boat of that material. In England, W. B. Wilkinson patented a true reinforced concrete floor slab in 1854. Seven years later Fran�ois Coignet published his statement of the principles of the new construction. In the same year, 1861, Joseph Monier, a Parisian gardener, used as for garden tubs and pots, and before 1870 had taken out a series of patents. There was comparatively little construction however until the German engineers, Wayss and Bauschinger, investigated and reported on the Mother system in 1887. From that time the use of reinforced concrete spread rapidly, the greatest developments in theory and practice being made by Austrian engineers. Melan's system, employing structural steel shapes as reinforcement, was developed in the early 90's, at the same time as that of Hennebique, whose methods, of all the pioneers, probably most nearly resemble those of today. In the United States the pioneer was W. E. Ward, who built a reinforced concrete house in Port Chester, New York, in 1872. Thaddeus Hyatt published the results of tests on various types of beams in 1877. About the same time E. L. Ransome and his coworkers were beginning their work on the Pacific coast, several notable in California in the two following decades. The Melan system was introduced into this country from Europe in 1894. Edwin Thacher began his distinguished career as a bridge builder with a Melan type arch in 1896.

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'The Atlas Luxnnite Cement Co., New York City. HISTORICAL NOTE�� 5

During all this period structures of reinforced concrete had been modeled largely on those of the more familiar wood and steel. In 1906 Mr. C. A. P. Turner of Minneapolis devised the girder less or type of , the Mushroom floor, as he termed it. This innovation marked a great step forward in utilizing the materials in the most advantageous and economical manner, recognizing to the full the monolithic character of the . At this date the extensive use of reinforced concrete was in full swing, a use that has increased tremendously and still increases from year to year.

In so new and rapidly developing a field as that of reinforced concrete it was inevitable that construction should often be in advance of theory. This was notably the case with the fiat slab floor which is still designed by methods largely "rule of thumb." For the most part however the fundamental principles may be considered as definitely known and agreed upon having proved themselves by a long series of satisfactory structures which in many cases have endured extremely large overloading with few signs of distress. However, there are still many details to be determined and the status of the theory is far less clearly settled than is that of steel design.