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Hopkinton Massachusetts Concrete Cutting and Core Drilling

So much more cement is thus required with the natural gravel that a saving of one bag of cement in every seven is made by screening and remixing in the right proportion. Screenings from broken stone make an excellent fine aggregate, which can be substituted for sand unless the stone is very soft or contains a large percentage of mica. Gravel or broken stone forms the largest part of the mass. The ingredients create coarse of a good concrete, and is called the coarse aggregate. If the concrete is to be used simply for filling, or in a low wall against which nothing is to be piled, clean cinders, screened to remove the dust, may sometimes be used for the coarse aggregate. The concrete made from them, however, is not strong and is very porous. Slag or broken brick are sometimes used for the, coarse aggregate.

The size of the stone is best graded from fine, particles about '/ inch diameter up to the coarser. The largest size pieces may be 2'/2 inches where a foundation or a wall 12 inches thick or over is being built, while for thin walls and where reinforcement is used the largest particles had best be about 3/4-inch size. With gravel the danger is apt to lie in the grains being coated with clay or vegetable matter which prevents the cement from sticking to them, and hence a very weak concrete results. The method for washing gravel should be the same as that described for sand (see page 14) and shown in Fig. I. The screen when washing the gravel should have openings 1/4 inch square. Do not use dirty stone or gravel in any case. Avoid soft sandstones, soft freestones, soft limestone, slate and shale. The water used for concrete must be clean. It should not�� WATER be taken from a stream or pond into which any waste from chemical mills, material from barns, as manure, or other refuse, is dumped.. If the water runs through alkali soil or contains vegetable matter it is best to make up a block of concrete, using this water, and see whether the cement sets properly. Do not use sea water. Concrete is composed of a certain amount or proportion of PROPORTIONS cement, a larger amount of sand, and a still larger amount of stone. The fixing of the quantities of each of these materials is called proportioning. The proportions for a mix of concrete given, for instance, one part of cement to two parts of sand to four parts of stone or gravel, are written 1:2:4, and this means that one cubic foot of packed cement is to be mixed with two cubic feet of sand and with four cubic feet of loose stone.

For ordinary work use twice as much coarse aggregate (that is, gravel or stone) as fine aggregate (that is, sand). If gravel from a natural bank is used without screening, use the same proportion called for of the coarse aggregate; that is, if the specifications call for proportions x :2:4, as given above, use for unscreened gravel (provided it contains quite a large quantity of stone) one part cement to four parts unscreened gravel. If when placing concrete with the proportions specified, a wall shows many voids or pockets of stone, use a little more sand and a little less stone than called for. If, on the other hand, when placing, a lot of mortar rises to the top, use less sand and more stone in the next batch. In calculating the amount of each of the materials to use for any piece of work, do not make the mistake so often made by the inexperienced that one barrel of cement, two barrels of sand and four barrels of stone will make seven barrels of concrete. As previously stated, the sand fills in the voids between the stones, while the cement fills the voids between the grains of sand, and therefore the total quantity of concrete will be slightly in excess of the original quantity of stone.

The following quotation from Concrete, Plain and Reinforced by the well-known authorities, Taylor and Thompson, is printed as a guide to those who wish to build any concrete structure for which specific instructions are not given in the following pages. "As a rough guide to the selection of materials for various classes of work, we may take their proportions which differ from each other simply in the relative quantity of cement." A Rich Mixture for columns and other structural parts subjected to high stresses or requiring exceptional water tightness: Proportions�x:I2:3; that is, one barrel (4 bags) packed Portland cement to one and one-half barrels cubic feet) loose sand to three barrels (11.4 cubic feet) loose gravel or broken stone.