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The Concrete Committee has recommended, as normal, a paste the consistency of which is rather wet, because it believes that variations in the amount of compression to which the briquette is subjected in molding are likely to be less with such a paste. Having determined in this manner the proper percentage of water required to produce a paste of normal consistency, the proper percentage required for the concrete mortars is obtained from an empirical formula. The Concrete Committee hopes to devise a formula. The subject proves to be a very difficult one, and, although the Concrete Committee has given it much study, it is not yet prepared to make a definite recommendation. The Concrete Committee on Standard Specifications for Cement inserts the following table for temporary use to be replaced by one to be devised by the Concrete Committee of the American Society of Civil Engineers. The object of this test is to determine the time which elapsed from the moment water is added until the paste ceases to be fluid and plastic (called the "initial set"), and also the time required for it to acquire a certain degree of hardness (called the "final" or "hard set"). The former of these is the more important, since, with the commencement of setting, the process of crystallization or hardening is said to begin. As a disturbance of this process may produce a loss of strength, it is desirable to complete the operation of mixing and molding or incorporating the concrete mortar into the work before the cement begins to set. It is usual to measure arbitrarily the beginning and end of the setting by the penetration of weighted wires of given diameters. For this purpose the Vicar Needle, which has already been described, should be used. In making the test, a paste of normal consistency is molded and placed under the rod L, Fig. 2, as described in a previous paragraph. This rod bears the cap D at one end and the needle H, 1 mm. (0.039 in.) in diameter, at the other, and weighs 300 gr. (10.58 oz.). The needle is then carefully brought in contact with the surface of the paste and quickly released. The setting is said to have commenced-when the needle ceases to pass a point 5 mm. (0.20 in.) above the upper surface of the glass plate, and is said to have terminated the moment the needle does not sink visibly into the mass. The test pieces should be stored in moist air during the test; this is accomplished by placing them on a rack over water contained in a pan and covered with a damp cloth, the cloth to be kept away from them by means of a wire screen; or they may be stored in a moist box or closet. Care should be taken to keep the needle clean, as the collection of cement on the sides of the needle retards the penetration, while cement on the point reduces the area and tends to increase the penetration. The determination of the time of setting is only approximate, being materially affected by the temperature of the mixing water, the temperature and humidity of the air during the test, the percentage of water used, and the amount of molding the paste receives. The following approximate method, not requiring the use of apparatus, is sometimes used, although not referred to by the Concrete Committee. Spread cement paste of the proper consistency on a piece of glass, having the cement cake about three inches in diameter and about one inch thick at the center, thinning towards the edges. When into the rubber ring, through the larger opening, smoothed off, and. placed (on its large end) on a glass plate and the smaller end smoothed off with a trowel; the paste confined in the ring, resting on the plate, is placed under the rod bearing the cylinder, which is brought in contact with the surface and quickly released. -

The paste is of normal consistency when the cylinder penetrates to a point in the mass 10 mm. (0.39 in.) below the top of the ring. Great care must be taken to fill the ring exactly to the top.