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Wellesley Massachusetts Concrete Cutting and Core Drilling

There is a great variety of forms in which bitumen is found, ranging from volatile liquids to thick semi-fluids and solids. These are usually intermixed with different kinds of inorganic or organic matter, but are sometimes found in a free or pure state. Liquid varieties are known as naphtha and petroleum; the viscous or semi-fluid as concrete or mineral tar; and the solid as asphalt or asphalt. The most noted deposit of asphalt is found in the island of Trinidad and at Bermudez, Venezuela. Deposits of nearly pure asphalt are found in Utah, Mexico, Cuba, and different parts of the United States. The main source of supply of asphalt used in the United States for street paving has been the Trinidad deposit. This is also the main source for asphaltic roofing materials. The bituminous limestone deposits are known as rock asphalt. It is more durable than asphalt, and is extensively used in Europe for paving purposes.

There are two forms in which rock asphalt is prepared for shipment: Compressed asphalt blocks, which are used in about the manner of stone blocks. Mastic asphalt, which is made into blocks of different sizes, generally bearing the manufacturer's trademark is used to waterproof concrete. The mastic asphalt is used for waterproofing and damp-proofing purposes. For all work of this kind Sicilian rock asphalt should be used. Tests have been made to find the value of Portland cement concrete as a protection of steel or iron from corrosion. Nearly all of these tests have been of short duration (from a few weeks to several months); but they have clearly shown when the steel or iron is properly imbedded in concrete, that on being removed there from it is clean and bright. Steel removed from concrete containing cracks or voids usually show rust at the points where the voids or cracks occur; but if the steel has been completely covered with concrete, there is no corrosion.

Tests have shown that if corroded steel is imbedded in concrete, the concrete will remove the rust. To secure the best results, the concrete should be mixed quite wet, and care should be taken to have the steel thoroughly imbedded in the concrete. A compact cinder concrete has proven about as effective a protection for steel as stone concrete. The corrosion found in cinder concrete is mainly clue to iron oxide or rust in the cinders, and not to the sulfur. The amount of sulfur in cinders is extremely small, and there seems to be little danger from that source. A steel-frame building erected in New York in 1898 had all its framework, except the columns, imbedded in cinder concrete; when the building was demolished in 1903, the frame showed practically no rust which could be considered as having developed after the material was imbedded. Cement washes, paints, and plasters have been used for a long time, in both the United States and Europe, for the purpose of protecting iron and steel from rust. The engineers of the Boston Subway, after making careful tests and investigations, adopted Portland cement paint for the protection of the steel work in that structure. The railroad companies of France use cement paint extensively to protect their metal bridges from corrosion. Two coats of the cement paint and sand are applied with leather brushes. A concrete-steel water main on the Moniker system, 12 inches in diameter, 1- inches thick, containing a steel framework of i-inch and 11--inch steel rods, was taken up after 15 years' use in wet ground, at Grenoble, France. The adhesion was found perfect, and the metal absolutely free from rust.

William Soy Smith, M. Am. Soc. C. E., states that in removing a bed of concrete at a lighthouse in the Straits of Mackinac, twenty years after it was laid, and ten feet below water surface, imbedded iron drift-bolts were found free from rust. A very good example of the preservation of steel imbedded in concrete is given by Mr. H. C. Turner (Engineering News, Jan. 16, 1908).