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Clinton Concrete Cutting

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Clinton Massachusetts Concrete Cutting and Core Drilling

A method of detecting and roughly measuring the quantity of organic matter in the sand has been developed in the so-called "colorimetric" test, which is fully described and illustrated on pages 100 to 101. This test, like the others here recommended, serves primarily as a warning that the sand may be unsuitable, but, generally speaking, a very light color means a safe sand, and a dark color a dangerous sand. By dirty sand we mean sand which contains considerable quantities of clay, silt, or foreign matter, such as leaves, chips, etc. If the dirt is confined to clay and silt, it may or may not be harmful, depending upon its quantity, and also upon whether it forms a hard coating on the sand grains or not. Accordingly, a limit of 3 percent by weight of the sand is usually specified as the permissible amount of material that may be removed by washing. The field test is a simple volumetric test made as described and illustrated on page 102. This test needs no other equipment than that required for the colorimetric test described in the foregoing paragraph. Passing on now to the materials that are commonly used as coarse aggregates, it is comforting to know that where such materials as gravel, crushed stone, or crushed slag are furnished separately to a job (that is, not mixed with fine aggregate), they are in most cases safe and satisfactory, provided; of course, they are hard, clean and free from foreign materials. Cinders, however, are always a questionable aggregate, and there is no general guide by whom one can judge their quality, except possibly by previous experience or by making up test blocks in the proportions which are to be used. In general, the use of cinders for concrete exposed to the weather is not recommended. Good cinder concrete is not very often found out-of-doors, for if it contains enough cement to be durable, it is not economical. Please understand that these statements do not necessarily apply to cinder concrete blocks manufactured neither under well-controlled plant processes nor to special uses of cinder concrete where quality is assured by suitable tests. As stated above, clean coarse aggregates when delivered separately to the job are rarely a source of trouble in concrete work. But some caution must be exercised in the use of bank-run gravel or crusher- run stone. In the case of bank-run gravel, dirt and contamination are more likely to escape notice than in the separated sand and gravel. The proportion of fine material to coarse is very often too large, and always more or less variable, tending to give weak and non-uniform concrete in lean mixtures. In crusher-run stone or in stone screenings the fines usually contain an excess of dust, which tends to stick to the larger particles, and if this coating of dust is not thoroughly removed in the mixing process, a weak bond between cement and aggregate results. On the other hand, if crusher-run stone or stone screenings has the dust removed by washing or otherwise, there may be a lack of sufficient fine material, so that harsh, watery mixtures result from their use, giving pocket like, non-uniform, and porous concrete.

This quality of harshness, so characteristic of stone screenings, makes it difficult to produce good concrete without an excess of cement over what would be required for well-graded sand, and therefore an admixture of fine sand with clean stone screenings makes a better and safer aggregate than crusher-run screenings alone. This brings us to some of the finer points in the art of making good concrete, about which something ought to be said because there is evidence, from the appearance and condition of many jobs, that builders are too often inclined to decide upon a certain proportion of cement, sand, and stone as being strong enough for the job and then going ahead without regard to what the mixture looks like or feels like or behaves like when the concreting is started.