Concrete Cutting Cutter Malden MA Mass Massachusetts

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Malden Massachusetts Concrete Cutting and Core Drilling

If the forms on the lower side of the dam are well braced, the forms on the upstream side may be removed in three or four days, and the pond allowed filling the forms on the downstream face should be left in place well braced for two or three weeks No finish need be given to the surface. Concrete walls are everywhere being built in preference to stone, on account of the lower cost and thinner walls which are usually required. Unless stone can be laid at practically no expense, the concrete is cheaper. Every wall should have a footing, that is, a base wider than the wall it supports, and must be carried down below the frost line. The depth of such footings, therefore, must be varied according to the section of country in which the work is being done. In general, they should be about 4 feet below the ground level in the Northern and Middle States, and about 3 feet in the Southern States, while in very mild climates 2 feet will be sufficient. The footing should be not less than 4 to inches thick and should extend about the same distance each side of the wall. Care must be taken to see that the foundation is not placed on a soft and yielding soil. Where the soil is unsuitable, either excavate until rock or a better material is found, fill in up to frost line with gravel and tamp it well while placing. When there is any danger of this filling of gravel forming a pocket in which the water will accumulate, dig a ditch away from the wall so that the water will run off.

Cellar or basement walls must withstand the earth pressure that comes upon them. This pressure varies with the depth of the cellar or basement, and hence the thickness of the walls should vary with the depth as shown in the following table: The thicknesses are less than for a retaining wall out of doors because the weight of the building and the floor timbers strengthen it. The back of the wall may batter or slope to save concrete. If the concrete form is vertical then use bottom thickness for the full height. The earth must not be filled in against the back of the wall until three or four weeks after placing the concrete unless the forms and bracing are left in place in front. Where there is no earth pressure against the wall let the forms remain not less than 24 hours, or until the concrete will withstand the pressure of the thumb. A simple design for cellar or foundation walls: (a) of the figure represents view of an ordinary form, 2-inch by 4-inch braces being attached to the studs as braces; the form sides do not extend to the bottom so as to allow the concrete to flow out and form a spread footing; (b) represents a wall for which the bank of earth serves as one side of the form. This condition may occur when the soil is of a clayey nature, which does not cave in, or where the new wall is being built against an old one. Cellar or basement walls should be laid with one part Portland cement to two and one-half parts coarse sand and five parts of broken stone or screened gravel. As concrete is the best material for cellar walls or footings of any kind, it is often used for this purpose even where the rest of the building is of wood or any other material. The building foundation should be brought up to the required height above the ground level. To attach the wood superstructure to the concrete foundation place on the concrete, imbedding it in mortar, the wood sill, which is made with the ends halved and bolted together. In the West, where the winds are very strong, this sill must be bolted to the concrete; this is done by placing occasional bolts in the concrete when laying it, letting the nut end protrude above the foundation to bolt through the sill. Holes can then be bored in the sill to fit over the protruding bolts and the nuts placed, thus firmly securing it. Concrete walls above the cellar may be built either as a single solid wall or as two walls with an air space between them. Such an air space renders the building less subject to changes of temperature and more completely moisture proof, but it is more expensive.