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The top of the arch needs concrete forms from the springing line up to about one-half to three-quarters of the way to the crown, as the wet concrete will not stand on so steep a slope. The mix of concrete for culverts should be one part granulated Portland Cement to two and one-half parts of clean, coarse sand to five parts of screened gravel or broken stone. The amount of materials for the culverts given in Figs. 43, 44 and 45, is tabulated in the table below. If the excavation must be deeper than shown, of course more material will be needed. Fig. 46 shows a form for an arch culvert and also the flume box in place 1 to take care of the water during construction. The inside wall form is constructed in the same manner as the wall concrete forms previously explained, except that a 3 by 4-inch or a 4 by 4-inch ranger is set across the top of the cleats on which the wedges are placed to support the arch form. The wedges should separate the two concrete forms at least 3 inches so that when the concrete forms are to be removed the arch center can drop this distance and be readily removed. A strip of sheet iron should be nailed to the side concrete forms as shown and lap over on to the arch form to prevent the concrete from getting in between the concrete forms, in which case it would be impossible to remove the arch form without breaking it to pieces. After pulling out the arch form the side concrete forms can be easily removed. The circular concrete forms or braces which support the 1/2-inch lagging should be placed on 4-foot centers, or if 1-inch lagging is used space the concrete forms 2 feet apart.

Fig. 47 is the standard type of form and culvert used by the Iowa State Highway Commission. The invert or water table in this case is shown as a concrete slab, but this may be omitted in some cases and can be used if desired in an arch culvert as well. Where an invert or bottom of concrete is used it must be protected at both ends by an apron, as shown in the figure, to prevent the water from washing the earth from underneath it. A good method of making the invert of a culvert is to lay cobble or field stones as shown in the figures. This can be done even when there is considerable water running through the culvert, and should a dry spell occur the cobbles can be plastered or grouted over, making a very satisfactory and efficient invert.