Concrete Cutting Cutter Peabody MA Mass Massachusetts

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Peabody Massachusetts Concrete Cutting and Core Drilling

The tensile strength of the reinforced concrete to be cut should never be depended on, except to a very limited extent as a function of the transverse strength. Even this is only applicable to such cases the lintels over doors and windows, the footing stones for foundations, and the cover stones for concrete box culverts. It is usually true that a stone which is free from cracks and which has a high crushing strength also has as much transverse strength as should be required of any stone. It is seldom that an engineer need concern himself with the appearance of a stone, provided it is satisfactory in the respects previously mentioned. The presence of iron oxide in a stone will sometimes cause deterioration in appearance by the formation of a reddish stain on the outer surface. It usually happens, however, that a stone whose strength and durability are satisfactory will have a sufficiently good appearance, unless in high-grade architectural work, where it is considered essential that a certain color or appearance shall he obtained. Of the above four qualities, only two�durability and strength�are susceptible of laboratory testing, and even for these qualities the best known laboratory tests are not conclusive. The deterioration and partial failure of the masonry in some of the best known cathedrals of Europe, which commanded the best available talent in their construction, are startling illustrations of the impracticability of determining from laboratory tests the effect on stone of long-continued stress, combined perhaps with other destructive influences. Although the best technical advice was obtained in selecting the stone for the Parliament House in London, and the stone selected was undoubtedly subjected to the best known tests, it was apparently impossible to foresee the effect of the London atmosphere, which is now so seriously affecting the stone. Several of the tests to be described below should be considered as being negative tests. If the stones fail under these tests, they are probably inferior; if they do not fail, they are perhaps safe, but there is no certainty. A long experience, based on knowledge of the characteristics of stones which have proven successful, is of far greater value than a dependence on the results of laboratory tests. The tests attempt to simulate the actual destructive agencies as far as possible, but since a great deal of stonework which was apparently satisfactory when constructed and for a few years after, has failed for a variety of reasons, attempts are made to use accelerated tests, which are supposed by their concentration to affect the stone in a few minutes or hours as much as the milder causes acting through a long period of years. It is generally said that stones having the least absorption are the best. The absorptive power is measured by first drying the stone for many hours in an oven, weighing it, then soaking it for, say, 24 hours, and again weighing it.. The increase in the weight of the soaked stone (due to the weight of water absorbed), divided by the weight of the dry stone, and equals the ratio of absorption. The concrete will absorb as an average value a weight of water equal to about Tb of the weight of the stone. For sandstone the ratio is about the test for absorption has but little value except to indicate a closeness of grain (or the lack of it), which probably indicates something about the strength of the stone, as well as its liability to some kinds of disintegration. The only real test is to wash, dry, and weigh test specimens, very carefully; then soak them in water, and expose them to intensely cold and intensely warm temperatures alternately. Finally wash, dry, and weigh the concrete. If the freezing has resulted in breaking off small pieces, or possibly in fracturing the stone, the loss in weight or the breakage will give a measure of the effect of cold winters. However, as such low temperatures cannot be produced artificially except at considerable expense, and as a sufficient degree of cold is ordinarily unobtainable when desired, such a test is usually impracticable.