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The term concrete mortar is usually applied to the mixture of sand and cementing material which is placed between the large stones of a stone structure, although the term might also be properly applied to the matrix of the concrete in which broken stone is embedded. The object of the concrete mortar is to furnish a cushion for the stones above it, which, as far as possible, distributes the pressure uniformly and relieves the stones of transverse stresses and also from the concentrated crushing pressures to which the projecting points of the stone would be subjected. The first step in the preparation of common lime concrete mortar is the slaking of the lime. This should be done by putting the lime into a water-tight box, or at least on a platform which is substantially water-tight,

The amount of water to be used should be from 2- to 3 times the volume of the un-slaked lime. The "volume" of un-slaked lime is a very uncertain quantity, varying with the amount of settlement caused by mere shaking which it may receive during transit. A barrel of lime means 230 pounds. If the barrel has a volume of 3.75 cubic feet, it would be just filled by 230 pounds of lime when this lime weighed about 61 pounds per cubic foot. This same lime, however, may be so shaken that it will weigh 75 pounds per cubic foot, in which case its volume is reduced to 81 percent, or 3.05 cubic feet. Combining this with 21 to 3 times its volume of water will require about 81 cubic feet of water to one barrel of lime. On the other hand, if the lime has absorbed moisture from the atmosphere, and has become more or less air-slaked, its volume may become very materially increased. Although close accuracy is not necessary, the lime paste will be injured if the amount of water is too much or too little. In short, the amount of water should be as near as possible that which is chemically required to hydrate the lime, so that on the one hand it shall be completely hydrated, and on the other hand it shall not be drowned in an excess of water which will injure its action in ultimate hardening. About three volumes of sand should be used to one volume of lime paste. Owing to the fact that the paste will, to a considerable extent, nearly fill the voids in the sand, the volume obtained from one barrel of un-slaked lime made up into a concrete mortar consisting of one part of lime paste to three parts of sand, will make about 6.75 barrels of concrete mortar, or a little less than one cubic yard. This is largely used, especially when mixed with lime to retard the setting, in the construction of walls .of buildings, cellar foundations, and, in general, in masonry where the unit-stresses are so low that strength is a minor consideration, but where a lime concrete mortar would not harden because it is to be under water or in a solid mass where the carbonic acid of the atmosphere could not penetrate to the interior.

When natural cement is dumped loosely in a pile, the apparent volume is increased one- third or even one-half. This must be allowed for in mixing. A barrel averages 3.3 cubic feet. Therefore a 1:4 concrete mortar of natural cement would require one barrel of cement to 13.2 cubic feet (about one-half a cubic yard) of sand. A bottomless box similar to that illustrated in Fig. 7, and with inside dimensions of 3 feet >< 2 feet 6 inches X 1 foot 9 inches, contains 13.2 cubic feet. It is preferable to use even charges of one barrel of cement in mixing up a batch of concrete mortar, rather than to dump it out and measure it loosely. If the size of the barrel varies from the average value given above, the size of the sand box should be varied accordingly. The barrels coming from any one cement mill may usually be considered as of uniform capacity. Since it is practically somewhat difficult to measure accurately the volume of a barrel, owing to its swelling form, it is best to fill a sample barrel with loose, dry sand, and then to measure the volume of that sand by emptying it into a rectangular box whose inside area, together with the height of sand in it, can be readily measured.